Monthly Report of Recent Economic and Financial Developments (April 2000) 1(The Bank's View 2) *
(English translation prepared by the Bank staff based on the Japanese original)
- This report was written based on data and information available when the Bank of Japan Monetary Policy Meeting was held on April 10, 2000.
- The Bank's view on recent economic and financial developments, determined by the Policy Board at the Monetary Policy Meeting held on April 10 as the basis of monetary policy decisions.
April 12, 2000
Bank of Japan
- The English translation of the full text will be available in late April.
The improvement in Japan's economy is becoming distinct. Recovery has started in some areas of private demand, as seen in a gradual upturn in business fixed investment.
With regard to exogenous demand, net exports (real exports minus real imports) continue to follow an upward trend due to an upturn in overseas economies, and public investment has started to pick up reflecting the progress in the implementation of the supplementary budget for fiscal 1999. As regards domestic private demand, housing investment is decreasing moderately, and recovery in private consumption continues to be weak through lack of notable improvements in employment and income conditions. Meanwhile, business fixed investment is starting to pick up albeit moderately.
Reflecting such developments in final demand, industrial production is increasing, and corporate profits and sentiment continue to improve. Firms as a whole still strongly feel that they have excess capacity and employees, and that they should reduce their debts to restore financial soundness. Nevertheless, the number of firms that take positive action, such as increasing the amount of fixed investment, is increasing gradually, especially in high-growth sectors. Regarding employment conditions, although the decrease in the number of employees and in wages is slowing, efforts by firms to reduce personnel expenses have prolonged the severity of households' income conditions.
As for the outlook, public investment is likely to increase for some time. This, along with the favorable financial environment created partly by the Bank's monetary easing, is expected to continue underpinning the economy. Moreover, net exports are likely to follow an upward trend reflecting the recovery of overseas economies, and it is also highly probable that business fixed investment will increase gradually with an improvement in corporate profits and sentiment. However, housing investment is expected to continue declining moderately, and there seems to be no substantial change in firms' stance to reduce personnel expenses. Hence, it may take some time for households' income conditions to improve and, in turn, for private consumption to recover. In addition, since firms' prospects for sales remain modest, careful monitoring is still required to determine whether the recovery in business fixed investment is sustainable and whether it is likely to spread to a wider range of industries.
With regard to prices, import prices are basically on a rising trend reflecting the increase in international commodity prices such as crude oil prices. Domestic wholesale prices, notwithstanding the fall in prices of electric machinery, are flat mainly due to the rise in prices of petroleum and chemical products reflecting an increase in crude oil prices. Meanwhile, consumer prices continue to be somewhat weak due to the decline in prices of imported products reflecting the past appreciation of the yen, despite the slight increase in the prices of private-sector services. Corporate service prices are still falling slowly.
As for the outlook, upward pressure on prices is likely to arise from the gradual improvement in domestic supply-demand balance and from the rise in crude oil prices. On the other hand, downward pressure is expected from the long-term declining trend of machinery prices due to technological innovations and from the fall in prices of imported products reflecting the past appreciation of the yen. On balance, overall prices are likely to remain unchanged. However, attention should still be paid to the downward pressure on prices stemming from weak demand, although the pressure has weakened given some recovery in private demand.
In the financial market, the overnight call rate has generally stayed near zero, and financial institutions have been confident about the availability of overnight funds. The amount outstanding of funds in the call money market increased slightly in late March, and decreased thereafter.
Interest rates on term instruments rose slightly toward end-March, the end of the fiscal year, but have weakened somewhat since the beginning of April. The Japan premium remains negligible.
Yields on long-term government bonds rose marginally in mid-March and stayed above 1.8 percent, but declined somewhat from late March and are recently back in the range of 1.7-1.8 percent. The yield spread between private bonds (bank debentures and corporate bonds) and government bonds continues narrowing, primarily that between private bonds with relatively low credit ratings and government bonds.
Stock prices weakened almost to 19,000 yen in mid-March, but then rebounded and are currently moving between 20,000 and 21,000 yen.
In the foreign exchange market, the yen strengthened against the U.S. dollar toward the end of March. However, it weakened at the beginning of April and has been traded at around 105 yen since then.
With regard to corporate finance, private banks have basically retained their cautious lending attitude. However, constraint that had been caused by severe fund-raising conditions and insufficient capital base has eased considerably. Under these circumstances, major banks are becoming more active in extending loans, while carefully evaluating the credit risks involved.
However, credit demand for economic activities such as business fixed investment remains weak. In addition, firms continue to reduce debts as part of their balance-sheet restructuring measures. As a result, credit demand in the private sector has continued to be basically stagnant, and thus private banks' lending has remained sluggish. Issuance of corporate bonds and CP has been steady.
The growth in money stock (M2+CDs) continues to slow reflecting the above-mentioned situation.
In this financial environment, corporate financing conditions are easing, and the lending attitude of financial institutions is perceived by firms as less severe. It continues to warrant careful monitoring how these favorable developments in corporate financing environment will affect economic activities.