How Do Floods Affect the Economy? An Empirical Analysis using Japanese Flood Data
June 3, 2022
Takuro Ashizawa*1
Nao Sudo*2
Hiroki Yamamoto*3
Abstract
The impact of natural disasters caused by increasing-scale climate change on economic activity has been the focus of global attention in recent years. Natural disasters primarily damage the assets owned by firms and households and public infrastructure, i.e., direct effects, but they may also affect the economic activity through the subsequent changes in production inputs, i.e., indirect effects. While there is already a large number of empirical analysis on the indirect effects, however, no consensus has been established not only on the scale and persistence, but even on the signs. In this paper, we estimate the indirect effects of past flood disasters in Japan on the real economy using Prefectural Accounts and Flood Statistics. There are three main findings. First, while floods have a negative effect on the GDP of the prefecture in which they occur, this effect may not persist over the long run as it loses statistical significance after the year following the year of occurrence. Second, floods have different effects across sectors. Floods generally have a negative effect on GDP of the manufacturing and the wholesale and retail sectors, while they tend to have a positive effect on GDP of the construction sector. Third, the magnitude of the indirect effect of floods differs for asset, facility, and equipment that incurs damage. Compared to damage to the assets owned by firms and households, damage to public infrastructure, such as roads, and to public service utilities, such as electric power facilities, tend to depress GDP more significantly, which may indicate the importance of public assets in the spillover effects of flood damage.
JEL classification
C21, C23, O44, Q54
Keywords
Climate Change, Natural Disaster, Physical Risk, Floods
The authors acknowledge the River Planning Division, the Water and Disaster Management Bureau, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism for providing Flood Statistics. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, S. Muto, J. Nakajima, Y. Sawada, C. Shimizu, J. Yoshida, and colleagues at the Bank of Japan especially K. Matsumura, I. Muto, K. Nakamura, K. Nishizaki, and K. Suzuki for comments and discussions. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bank of Japan.
- *1Financial System and Bank Examination Department, Bank of Japan
E-mail : takurou.ashizawa@boj.or.jp - *2Financial System and Bank Examination Department, Bank of Japan
E-mail : nao.sudou@boj.or.jp - *3Financial System and Bank Examination Department, Bank of Japan
E-mail : hiroki.yamamoto@boj.or.jp
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